Concepts of Phonetics and Phonology - Places of articulation.

 Phonetics is the study of the physical sounds of human speech. It analyzes how speech sounds are produced (articulatory phonetics), transmitted (acoustic phonetics), and received (auditory phonetics).

Phonology is the study of the sound systems and patterns in a particular language. It focuses on how sounds function in language and how they are mentally represented.


 The place of articulation refers to the point in the vocal tract where the airflow is obstructed to produce a sound.

  • Bilabial: both lips touch (e.g., /p/, /b/, /m/)

  • Labiodental: bottom lip touches upper teeth (e.g., /f/, /v/)

  • Dental: tongue touches teeth (e.g., /θ/, /ð/)

  • Alveolar: tongue touches alveolar ridge (e.g., /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/)

  • Palatal: tongue close to hard palate (e.g., /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/)

  • Velar: tongue touches soft palate (e.g., /k/, /g/, /ŋ/)

  • Glottal: produced at the vocal cords (e.g., /h/)

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